Polymorphic Custom Error Taxonomy with Cause Chains in Server Interceptors

export class ApplicationError extends Error {
  constructor(message, options) {
    super(message, options);
    this.name = this.constructor.name;
    Error.captureStackTrace?.(this, this.constructor);
  }
}
 
export class DatabaseTimeoutError extends ApplicationError {}
export class AuthorizationFailedError extends ApplicationError {}
 
export function handleRouteException(error) {
  switch (true) {
    case error instanceof DatabaseTimeoutError:
      return { status: 504, code: 'GATEWAY_TIMEOUT', detail: error.message };
    case error instanceof AuthorizationFailedError:
      return { status: 403, code: 'FORBIDDEN', detail: error.message };
    case error instanceof ApplicationError:
      return { status: 500, code: 'INTERNAL_APP_ERROR', detail: error.message };
    default:
      return { status: 500, code: 'UNKNOWN_FAILURE', detail: 'Unhandled system state' };
  }
}