Benutzerdefinierte strukturierte Fehlerhierarchie mit Ursachenweiterleitung

export class DomainValidationError extends Error {
  constructor(message, { code = 'ERR_DOMAIN_VALIDATION', cause, metadata = {} } = {}) {
    super(message, { cause });
    this.name = this.constructor.name;
    this.code = code;
    this.metadata = metadata;
    this.timestamp = Date.now();
  }
 
  toJSON() {
    return {
      error: this.name,
      code: this.code,
      message: this.message,
      metadata: this.metadata,
      cause: this.cause instanceof Error ? this.cause.message : this.cause,
    };
  }
}